Personnel management vs human resource management - Free Essay Example

People in an organization carry out the entire task, from setting strategies and goals to allocating financial resources and from producing goods and services to marketing them. Therefore, the human beings are considered to be lsquo;human resource or lsquo;human capital in an organization (Bratton and Gold, 2001). And managing this resource is crucial and the idea and practice of managing have come through several changes. The ever rising intense competition in the global business and spreading responsibilities brought dramatic changes in the way approaches were made towards people management. The time business crossed the national boundaries and spread throughout different continents and different time zones it faced new challenges and difficulties in meeting the demands from the people of different cultures. Idea sharing and participation in decision making, therefore, became important as these can give the organizations competitive edge in the changed environment. As a consequence the traits like aptitudes; commitment, ability to learn and tacit knowledge have become obligatory in order to have continuous development (Bratton and Gold, 2001). Thus, the demands of the specialists as well as the formation of new strategies to fit to the changed environment increased along with the growth of business boundary. Human Resource Management: lsquo;Human resource management is a distinctive approach to employment management which seeksto obtain competitive advantage through the strategic deployment ofa highly committed and skilled workforce, using an array of cultural, structural and personnel techniques. (Storey, 1995). Thus, HRM is mainly a set of policies that are created aiming to obtain the organizational goal through the successful implementation of corporate strategy considering the human resource of the company as the driving force that can make the difference or in other words give the company its most needed competitive advantage. Company needs to balance the aspirations of its people as well as its strategic demands towards making HRM policies. There have been many models to explain the concept Human Resource Management. One of the important models is Harvard model. The Harvard Framework preferred to see the whole process of HRM from the General Managers point of view (Armstrong, 2003). How they want to see the consequences of every step recognizing the importance of trade-offs between owners, employees and various interest groups (Armstrong, 2003). Here, the HR gets some outcomes as the direct affect of its policy choices and those outcomes brings the consequences that meet the stakeholders interests. It suggests that the general managers should develop a viewpoint, as they provide the strategic vision, of how they wish to see the employee involvement in achieving the goals. Another important model is Warwick model. As Harvard model is developed in the American context it reflects the American style and way of managing HR but Warwick model reflects the European style (Loosemore et al., 2003). Unlike Harvard model it focuses on external and internal both context and explores how both the internal and external environment influence the HR decisions (Bratton and Gold, 1999). From Personnel to HRM: The concept of HRM started getting shape in the early stage of industrial revolution (Bratton and Gold, 2001). Emerging concern of employee rights and the growth of trade union, changing reactions of the workforce and employers towards the public policy, implementation of strict health and safety regulations, increased demands of specialised personnel in the work force along with the technological innovations, scientific and sophisticated approach to managing employees and the ever ending competition in the market played vital role in the emergence of the concept Human Resource Management (Bratton and Gold, 2001). Though the concept is old but the title HRM was given to it only couple of decades back. Before that it was known as Personnel Management. Some scholars say that there is no actual difference between Personnel Management and HRM except the two different names (Storey, 2007; Armstrong, 2003; Torrington et al., 2008). Along with the emergence of the new economic order in 80s and 90s of last century the approach towards people management changed and the preference of treating personnel moved to individual rather then collective in order to ensure that the highly skilled and loyal employees will give the organization a competitive advantage (Bratton and Gold, 2001). Thus, changing the title is also an approach to give the people management a new image to fit to the changing environment. Torrington and Hall (1991, cited in Armstrong, 2003) sees the distinction as, Personnel Management is lsquo;workforce centred and therefore directs itself to employees, on the other hand HRM is lsquo;resource centred concerns itself with the overall human resource needs of the organization. Storey (2007) shows the detailed differences between Personal Management and HRM in his twenty seven points of differences where he categorized the elements into four-part basic outlines. These are; Beliefs and assumptions, Strategic Aspects, Line Management and Key levers (Storey, 2007). Miller (1998) integrated Storeys twenty seven points into six main points that focuses on the major points of distinction between Personnel Management and Human Resource Management. Dimension Personnel HRM Nature of relations Pluralist Unitarist Speed of decision Slow Fast Key managers Personnel General/line Pay Job evaluation Performance related Job categories Many Few Communication Restricted Increased Table: Personnel Management vs Human Resource Management (Miller, 1998) So, the distinction between personnel and HR is clear. The biggest change probably is focus. The focus has now shifted from overall performance to individuals. Employee involvement through personal development is now not only highly encouraged but also to ensure it the companies are undertaking different training and development programmes. An early example of this change was set by Ford when it announced its change initiatives that contain statement like lsquo;employee involvement is our way of life (Storey, 2007). The Characteristics of HRM: The attempt of HRM is to manage the people, the most valuable asset of a company, to achieve its goals and objectives. Thus, the typical characteristics of HRM include both the welfare of the company and the welfare of its employee. Armstrong (2003) pointed out some characteristics of HRM, these are; It integrates the HR and business strategies and emphasizes the need for all strategic fit. It is commitment oriented as it emphasizes on gaining the committed goals and mission of the organisation. It attaches diversified cultures and values together and brings harmony in the workplace. It identifies the potentials of the employee and appoints the task accordingly to ensure the maximum benefits. It manages and harnesses the potentials of the personnel and brings the best out of them. It ensures both the happiness of the personnel and happiness of the stakeholders. The Functions HRM: The basic HR functions according to Armstrong (2003) and Torrington et al (1991) are: Human Resource Planning The management determines the types and the number of human resources it needs to accomplish a task or reach the goal. In this case the management has to consider the financial support available to it. Recruitment and selection; Proper recruitment and selection procedure needs to be followed in order to meet the demand of required skills. In this case the necessary skills can be tested through written or oral test or a combination of both. Reward systems; Reward systems are structured and measured by the company to keep the employee motivated. It may include direct, indirect or psychological reward. Employment legislation; Terms and conditions, policies and opportunities for both parties should be open and written in order to avoid confusion. The HR department has to clearly mention the company policies in the employment contract. Management of diversity; As the business is now global the companies need to ensure an environment where employees from different cultural, religious and ethnic groups are treated equal. Again, Fords early realisation prompted them apply policies such as lsquo;our doors are open to men and women alike without discrimination and without regard to ethnic origin or personal beliefs (Storey, 2007). Training and development; To make the employees more efficient and prepare them for higher level of responsibilities the HRM department needs to have a continuous training and development process. Along with the routine process the companies also train their employees during a sudden demand such as an addition of new software or hardware. Grievance and discipline; To ensure time keeping, good employee relations, proper behaviour and professional attitudes the HR department formulate company procedures. Termination of employment relation; As part of disciplinary action, end of the contract, the part of an employment cut or the relocation of the employee the HRM takes all the necessary actions. Strategic HRM: Human resource management is no more limited to managing people, recruiting, selecting, training and all other conventional administrative duties. As the people are the core competitive advantage in todays business, they are evaluated as the brainpower of the company rather than manpower. The way of business competition has become knowledge based (storey et al, 2009). Thus, the human resource department plays a more strategic role today. Apart from all the administrative works Strategic HR participates on planning corporate strategy. It plans out the necessary skills and required effort needed for a particular task to be carried out in future. SHRM also indicates a planned HR policy that integrates the business goal and may encompasses a number of HR strategies to improve the individual, thus business, performance to make the reward system more effective (CIPD , 2010). Miller (1998) says if a company be able to establish an appropriate fit between strategy and HRM it can be considered as practising strategic HRM. The business strategy and the strategic human resource management run in parallel, both are informative and communicative. Information available to SHRM about how people are motivated deployed and the availability of skills and knowledge might determine the business strategy, on the other hand when business strategy requires the improvement of customer service this will probably shape the training plans and performance improvement plans (CIPD, 2010). Approaches to SHRM: Strategic HRM is mainly a resource based philosophy and this encompasses three possible approaches (Armstrong, 2003). These are explained bellow: Resource based SHRM: Resource based HRM strategy focuses on the performance of the employee and compare the productivity of its people with the competitors. In this approach learning is highly encouraged and the intellectual capital is developed and nurtured. High-performance management approach: By developing the skills of the employees and improving the self management capacity and team performance the HR department can actually enhance the overall productivity and ensure customer satisfaction. Here, the quality leadership, vision, benchmarking and decentralization are suggested in order to have greater success (Stevens, 1998; cited in Armstrong, 2003). High performance approach also require to have a rigorous recruitment and selection procedure, a proper learning and development process and merit pay and profit sharing to encourage high performance (Armstrong, 2003). High involvement management: This approach says employees are to be treated as partners, their interests should be respected and their equal involvement in decision making should be encouraged. A very good communication between the managers and the employees that gives clear understanding of organizational vision, values and the expectation of both parties can achieve the organization its expected productivity. Characteristics of SHRM: There are some characteristics of SHRM can be drawn from the writing of Salaman et al (2005) and Armstrong (2003). These are discussed below: -It connects the whole process to the business strategy and plays a proactive role rather than reactive. Instead of waiting for the instruction and complaints strategic HR managers take proactive steps and plans out the future outcome. -SHRM is output driven. It takes all strategic steps to improve the performance of the employees and achieve the overall competitive advantage. -It is more preventive than corrective and thus it value employees who are multi-skilled, cross-functional and team players. It expects people to do the things write the first attempt. -It provides the guidance to other sections of the organization on what to measure, how to measure and how to report the outcomes of the measurement CIPD (2010) Dave Ulrich (1997) suggested four strategic roles in order to be able to create real value to the business. These are: Strategic partner: Here, the HR manger help the company turn the strategy into result. He will evaluate the existing strategy and figure out whether there is any strategic change needed. Change agent: HRM helps the change happen and it happens faster. Also make sure human resource understand and cope up with the change. Employee champion: managing and evaluating talents or the intellectual capital and Administrative expert: Ensuring the all the human resource related jobs are done and they are done in a way that helps the business. Effect of Globalization: Globalization is shortening the trade barriers, making the market more open and thus more competitive. It is a very influencing source that fuelling the changes faster. Toyota, one of the largest car producers in the world, was the hundredth Japanese company when it decided to locate their first UK based manufacturing facility in Derby (Storey, 2007). But it took fifteen years, from 1972-87, for the first fifty Japanese companies to arrive in UK and the next fifty companies arrived in following two years time (Storey, 1992, p. 12). The challenges that globalization has brought to Human Resource Management and the they should be faced are: Restructuring: Business is expanding in one way or other. Either two or more firms of same industry are merging together or one is acquiring the other. As a direct result of this the company eliminate layers of managers, closes facilities and cut jobs. HR managers are facing challenges in managing people who worked in different company cultures and some whom withdraw their loyalty. Even sometimes when the companies from different countries of different time zones merge than language and cultures become the main concern (CIPD, 2011). -In this regard the HR professionals need work in co-operation with other organizational sections. Need to understand different organizational management policy and take the professional through smooth transition process. Management of diversity: As an effect of globalisation people from different cultures, ethnic groups and religion come in one place and work together and they require a mutual understanding that make the way to productivity smooth. -Here, the HR department needs to ensure a working environment that offers equal opportunity and respect to the people from all background (CIPD, 2010). They need to understand different cultural and religious values. Technological innovation: Continuous innovation of new technology put pressure on HR department of the company to ensure a continuous training and development programme. Also, the technologies are reducing HR tasks that create the chance of HR job cuts. -HR professionals need to make themselves equipped with latest technological knowledge. They need to diversify themselves and be useful in participating other organizational tasks. Outsourcing: Outsourcing concept has come up along with the globalization. Organizations are now outsourcing some of their task to other companies that may be located some other part of the world. Thus, some of the HR functions now to be done by the line managers (Kumar, 2011). -Along with other qualifications the line managers need to have the proper understanding of Human Resource Management. On the other hand the HR managers need to outline and monitor the HR task of the line managers. Economic and political change: Economic changes such as global recession, change in government policy as a result of the shift in political power force the companies to close facilities and decrease production cost. As a direct result of this organizations decrease the size of HR body and put pressure on the remaining to be more productive (Kumar, 2011). -Through the effective training and development process the HR managers need to ensure top level productivity of the human capital that will reduce production cost and make the organization more sustainable. Conclusion: Human Resource Management has come through different changes and challenges over the recent years. Though, the innovation of technologies is reducing some of the HR tasks but these affecting the HR roles very less. Also, outsourcing is also happening in a number of cases thus it is not affecting HR roles significantly (CIPD, 2006). Yet outsourcing may reduce the HR task of an organization but it is shifting those tasks to some other companies. The cost of running a HR department may go up and down but at the end it repay with the improved productivity it brings to the human resource of the company. The human resource still remains the competitive advantage factor and it will remain so in the future. Different market boundaries are falling apart and forming one single global market. In this marketplace different companies of an industry are experimenting all possible and available resources to achieve the competitive advantage. But it is human resource that can offer additional featur es to a business through a continuous development process. Thus, the task of people management is not limiting rather its expanding. A dynamic human resource management body can attract the best bunches of talent by designing and offering exceptional reward and career opportunity package and at the same time it can improve the productivity of its existing resource to the highest level by planning, developing and implementing an effective training and development programme. For instance, Microsoft and Google both have search engines. The number of users using a search engine determines its business success. Now, people will use the search engine that consists of highest number of resources and that offer additional features that carry the better value then the others. The human resources are bringing all the features and widening business opportunities in these both cases. And it is the HRM department that recruits those professionals through an effective selection and recruitment pr ocess, offering them their dream package of reward and compensation, and later on it brings those professionals to this level through a proper training and development. Thus, the Human Resource Management is crucial for organizational survival in todays marketplace.

Hedda Gabbler Quotes

Herink Ibsen is one of Norways greatest playwrights. Hes referred to as the father of realism  which is the theatrical practice of making shows seem more life everyday life. Ibsen had a great talent for portraying the drama inherent in seemingly everyday lives. Many of his plays dealt with issues of morality which made them quite scandalous  at the time they were written. Ibsen was nominated for the Nobel Prize in Literature three years in a row.   Feminism in Ibsens Plays Ibsen is probably best known for him feminist play  A Dolls House  but feminist themes occur in much of his work. At the time female characters were generally written as side characters of little importance. When they did play major roles they rarely dealt with the difficulties of being a woman in a society that allowed them very few opportunities or choices. Hedda Gabler is one of Ibsens more  memorable heroines for that reason. The play is a brilliant portrayal of female neurosis. Heddas choices in the play  dont seem to make sense until one considers how little control she has over her own life. Hedda is desperate to have power over something, even if it is another persons life. Even the title of the show can be given a feminist  interpretation. Heddas last name in the show is  Tesman, but by naming the show after Heddas maiden name it implies she is more her own woman than the other characters realize.   Summary of Hedda Gabler   Hedda Tesman and her husband George have returned from a long honeymoon. In their new home, Hedda finds herself bored with her options and company. Upon their arrival, George realizes his academic rival  Eilert as begun working on a manuscript again. George doesnt realize that his wife and former rivals are former lovers. The manuscript could put Georges future position in jeopardy and would secure Eilerts future. After a night out, George finds Eilerts manuscript which hes lost while drinking. Hedda rather than tell Eilert that the manuscript has been found convinces him to kill himself. After learning his suicide was not the clean death she imagined she takes her own life. Quotes From Hedda Gabler These impulses come over me all of a sudden, and I just cant resist them. - Hedda, Act 2Our common lust for life. - Là ¶vborg, Act 2Oh courage...oh yes! If only one had that...Then life might be livable, in spite of everything. - Hedda, Act 2But hell come...With vine leaves in his hair. Flushed and confident. - Hedda, Act 2Everything I touch seems destined to turn into something mean and farcical. - Hedda, Act 4But, good God! People dont do such things. - Hedda, Act 4

The Rights Of Minorities By Jean Baptiste - 3342 Words

Rights of Minorities Eddy Jean Baptiste Mr. Wilson Period 2 Senior Project Minorities are people that can be assembled as national, ethnic, cultural, linguistic and religious. In addition migrants, refugees and indigenous. Minorities are discriminated, they develop and increase group loyalty as results of discriminatory. A minority group refers to a certain group of people differentiated from the social majority. Those who hold the majority of positions of social power in a society may be defined by law. Rather than a relational social group. as the term would indicate, minority group refers to the above-described. â€Å"Minority group often occurs alongside a speech of civil rights and collective rights which gained eminence in†¦show more content†¦Most important issues would definitely lie in racial relations, economic policy, government-individual communication, and controversial social topics, just like for everyone else unlike issues certainly stand out for different groups. Asian Americans feel helpless to revolution the coor dination, and because the community is so various, it is hard to organize politically. The racism that Asian Americans face in society and their actions in overwhelming racism are often modest or ignored altogether. In addition, Asian Americans are far less personified in state and federal government than in equivalent to their population. Many Asian Americans are not citizens, and never apply for citizenship. Asians minorities could help more in this generation with the federal government, doing more to the Asians where there could help the countries don’t let the Asian do as much to protect what the Asian need to issue to the diversity and large device of the important of ethic minority. Asian have to change the society. They have less represented of them self to the state and government. Where they need to change to show the American they are helpful and conclude to them what the bad thing America are not really doing to help them. Respectively Minority right now are facin g conceptual discourse, also ancient outline. By this the minority conflicts core of conditionShow MoreRelatedAid For Illegal Immigrants : Special Interests Or The Best Interests Of Society?2680 Words   |  11 Pagesbecause of their parent’s status. Undocumented children who are able to receive public assistance to continue their education may be those best capable of finding a viable, positive solution to the issue of illegal immigration in general. Given the rights and services already afforded this group (as children they are protected even if their parents are not) extending those services to college also seems the only logical step in the immigration quagmire. Penalizing legal citizens regardless of theirRead MoreFrancois Boucher4287 Words   |  18 Pageslightness and charm of rococo. Jean-Antoine Watteau marks the change of mood, also evident in his followers Jean-Baptiste Pater (1695–1736) and Nicolas Lancret. In Watteaus informal fà ªtes galantes, grac eful figures engage in musical and amatory pursuits in theatrical landscape settings which are tinged with melancholy and a sense of the transitory nature of pleasure. A graceful and highly decorative development of this style is found in the work of Franà §ois Boucher and Jean-Honorà © Fragonard, both ofRead MoreUnveiling The Hijab : Oppression Versus Self Determination1719 Words   |  7 Pageswhile stating systematic censorship is the real agent of oppression. Ultimately despite the vocal objections of certain political and feminist groups, the hijab represents far more than the religious implication. It is the embodiment of Muslim women’s right to self-determination and should only serve the interests of the individual wearer. The religious origins of the hijab are rooted in Qur anic verses 24:30-24:31, which states that women â€Å"draw their veils over their bosom and not display their beauty†Read MoreColonialism2524 Words   |  11 Pagessixteenth to the twentieth centuries that ended with the national liberation movements of the 1960s.† Jà ¼rgen Osterhammel, Colonialism: A Theoretical Overview Colonialism is a relationship between an indigenous (or forcibly imported) majority and a minority of foreign invaders. The fundamental decisions affecting the lives of the colonised people are made and implemented by the colonial rulers in pursuit of interests that are often defined in a distant metropolis. Rejecting cultural compromisesRead MoreRoosevelt and Isolationism5742 Words   |  23 Pagesalignment with the Democratic party towards the isolationist element was consistent with nationalist sentiment. FDRs change in policy also illustrates the need to make concessions in order to gain political backing. 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EugenicsRead MoreThe Theory of Absolutism Essay3273 Words   |  14 Pagesultimate authority in the state rested in the hands of a king who claimed to rule by divine right. But what did sovereignty mean? Late sixteenth century political theorists believed that sovereign power consisted of the authority to make laws, tax, administer justice, control the states administrative system, and determine foreign policy. These powers made a ruler sovereign. One of the chief theorists of divine-right monarchy in the seventeenth century was the French theologian and court preacher BishopRead MoreAmerican Holidays11778 Words   |  48 PagesHow have you been? (How you been?) Agreeing Yes Yeah (informal) Yep (informal) Yup (informal) Right! You’re right! Right you are! Right on! Right o! Uh-huh! Sure You got it! You bet! That is true. (That’s true) Ain’t thatRead MoreThe Entrepreneurial Mind-18021 Words   |  73 Pagesentrepreneurship and economics has long been the accepted norm. In fact, until the 1950s, the majority of definitions and references to entrepreneurship had come from economists. For example, the aforementioned Cantillon (1725), the French economist Jean Baptiste Say (1803), and twentieth-century economist Joseph Schumpeter (1934) all wrote about entrepreneurship and its impact on economic development.6 Since that time, researchers have continued to try to describe or define what entrepreneurship is

Is The Big Bang Theory - 884 Words

Is the earth expanding? What is the Big Bang theory? According to the bible and to scientist their are two different views. One view is through the eyes of a scientists and the other, through an individual’s faith and belief of God’s creation. Scientist use data and instruments to document what can be seen, and Christion’s carry faith and believe outside, what can’t be seen. In the Bible there are several references that describe the universe being â€Å"stretched out. (Cosmology) â€Å"Here are a few to describe this reference Isaiah 40:22 teaches that â€Å"God stretched the heavens like a curtain and spreads time out like a tent to dwell in†. â€Å"And the likeness of the firmament upon the heads of the living creature [was] as the color of the terrible crystal, stretched forth over their heads above†. Ezekiel 1:22 â€Å"He hath made the earth by his power, he hath established the world by his wisdom, and hath stretched out the hea vens by his discretion†. Jeremiah 10:12. Most astronomers agree the universe is expanding because the clusters of galaxies are moving farther away from other clusters in the galaxy. Olbers’s Paradox is the idea that faraway stars appear fainter than those nearby:, and the entire sky should be as brilliant as the surface of the Sun. This means â€Å"either the universe is finite in extent, or it evolves in time†.(ASTRONOMY PEASON). Interestingly enough, the bible recorded well before scientist existed, that the Universe would expand. Scientist is forced toShow MoreRelatedBig Bang Theory1599 Words   |  7 PagesBig Bang Theory Its inevitable that with over 6 billion people here on Earth, there will be different views upon how our universe was created. Views are mainly fueled by faith or science but the modern view of todays era is the Big Bang Theory. The theory states that the universe started at one single spot, and has been expanding ever since (Big Bang Theory, N.P.). Of course its crazy, and highly difficult, for many of us to imagine something so large starting from one tiny spot; so indeed thereRead MoreThe Big Bang Theory1488 Words   |  6 Pagesâ€Å"explanations† hold less veracity. We now have intelligent explanations for things like waves, the sun, orbits, why the sky is blue, and evolution. These questions have led us to the brink of our knowledge, which ends with the â€Å"Big Bang Theory†. The â€Å"Big Bang Theory† is the theory of how our universe began. It goes that the Universe started as a singularity, an extremely dense, hot, and small spot often thought of to b e exhibited in black holes. Little is known about this singularity however scientistsRead MoreBig Bang Theory Or A Big Fabrication2533 Words   |  11 PagesEnglish IV Mrs. Britt Collins 14 March 2016 Big Bang Theory or a Big Fabrication The concept of creation has boggled human’s minds for centuries. Human nature has an intuitive sense of longing for an answer to solve the unknown, and creation embodies the concept of unknown. In an effort to compile reason and scientific knowledge, an explanation of the formation of the universe was formed and is widely known as The Big Bang Theory. The Big Bang Theory is considered, â€Å"†¦the leading scientific explanationRead MoreEssay on The Big Bang Theory1340 Words   |  6 PagesThe Big Bang Theory Why is the Universe expanding? What is Cosmic Back Ground Radiation (CBR)? There are many questions asked about our Universe, which we know so little about. Scientists, in their attempt to answer these and other confrontations, have found one idea that seems to explain much of what we dont understand: The Big Bang Theory. An explosion of incomprehensible speed was the beginning of our known Universe and existence. At that time matter as small as the head of a pin inflatedRead MoreThe Big Bang Theory And Evolution1612 Words   |  7 PagesCreation Theory A young man who is a senior in college has the opportunity of a lifetime to conduct research with professors in Israel on geological fossils for his major in Earth Science. He had never been out of the United States before and only knew what he had been taught: the big bang theory and evolution. Israel is made up of a very strong Jewish community and, as this young man would soon find out, they did not view geological findings through the Big Bang theory, but through the BiblicalRead MoreThe Development Of The Big Bang Theory2081 Words   |  9 Pages The Development of the Big Bang Theory Arby D Dickert Western Governors University The Development of the Big Bang Theory Abstract The big bang theory is the result of work by Albert Einstein and Edwin Hubble. Arno Penzias and Reno Wilson stumbled upon background noise emanating from space. 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The popular sitcom The Big Bang Theory negatively depicts the female characters by reverting to a binary view of gender, in which the female characters are lacking, they can be beautiful or smart however they cannot be both. The Big Bang Theory premiered on CBS in 2003. When the show began it centered on five characters. Four of the five characters are genius young men whom all workRead MoreThe Big Bang Theory Of The Universe Essay1319 Words   |  6 Pagestowards that the universe was expanding, but this was not enough to separate the Big Bang theory from its’ rivals. A few decades after the redshift concept was discovered, scientists detected groundbreaking evidence that was considered the smoking gun. Arno Penzias and Robert Wilson detected the remnants of radiation created from the Big Bang. This cosmic background radiation was the thermal radiation left over from the Big Bang. 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MiPie Company - the Achievement of the Marketing Budget and Effective Case Study

Essays on MiPie Company - the Achievement of the Marketing Budget and Effective Marketing Process Control Case Study The paper â€Å"MiPie Company   - the Achievement of the Marketing Budget and Effective Marketing Process Control" is a  delightful example of a case study on finance accounting. The case  study is a representation of a company that has considered outsourcing as one of the ways of increasing the profitability of the company in that it enables the costs as well as the expenses to be cut down. The company wanted to outsource the production of pies in order for it to concentrate more on the issue of brand imaging as well as sales development in the territories of the European Union. The differences as far as the issue of outsourcing came up when the marketing and production directors refused to support the finance manager’s opinion of going ahead with the issue. The reason as to they were against the idea was different also for the two of them (Mintzberg, 1979). The marketing director was aware that by doing it there was a probability of an increase in terms of five folds especially in the budget of marketing but this meant that after  £8million increase it will eventually lead to only  £5million increase in sales as well as a cost of  £4million even after the outsourcing is done (Finlay, 2000). Some of the factors that were considered include the expenses that will be incurred, the issue of old employees losing jobs so as to employ new ones who can be able to deal with the operations of the new project. This is also another factor of consideration due to the fact that it will mean new expenses for training them. A profitable proposal was then suggested which was to deal with setting up energy sources that are renewable. First, it is environmental friendly hence helping in environmental sustainability (Hill, Jones, 2007). The methane gas being produced is simply due to the reuse of waste and then the wind energy is due to harnessing of the wind hence no purchase of raw materials. It will help the company remain competitive yet reduce its cost of production as well as have a source of energy that is sustainable.Cost of the projects=  £15millionTotal Cash outflow for wind turbines= yr1+ yr 2+ yr 3+ yr 4+ yr 5=  £10.7Total Cash outflow for waste water lagoon= yr1+ yr 2+ yr 3+ yr 4+ yr 5=  £5.4Total Cash outflow in million = Total Cash outflow for wind turbines+ Total Cash outflow for wind wasteWater lagoon=  £10.7+ £5.4=  £16.1Total cash inflow for wind turbines= yr1+ yr 2+ yr 3+ yr 4+ yr 5=  £15Total cash inflow for waste water lagoon= yr1+ yr 2+ yr 3+ yr 4+ yr 5= £8.06Total Cash inflow in million = Total cash inflow for wind turbines+ Total cash inflow for waste waterLagoon= £15+ £8.06= £23.06Net cash flow for wind turbines= yr1+ yr 2+ yr 3+ yr 4+ yr 5=  £24.3Net cash flow for wastewater lagoon= yr1+ yr 2+ yr 3+ yr 4+ yr 5=  £12.66Total Net cash flow= Total cash flow for wind turbines+ Total cash flow for waste water =  £24.3+ £12.66=  £36.96Cumulative cash flow for wind turbines= yr1+ yr 2+ yr 3+ yr 4+ yr 5=  £29.6Cumulative cash flow for waste water lagoon= yr1+ yr 2+ yr 3+ yr 4+ yr 5=  £16.66Total Cumulative cash flow = Cumulative cash flow for wind turbines+ Cumulative cash flow for waste water lagoon =  £29.6+ £16.66=  £46.26Net profit = Total Cumulative cash flow - Total Net cash flow =  £46.26- £36.96=  £9.3

Organizational Leadership Expected Selected Behaviour

Question: Describe about the Organizational Leadership for Expected Selected Behaviour. Answer: 1. The expectancy theory describes that the behavior or related action of an individual is influenced by the motivated he gets to select a specific behavioral aspect within several behaviors, which is due to the expected results of that selected behavior (Yung Chou and Pearson 2012). Therefore, according to this theory, it can be said that the motivational strategy used by a leader can influence the behavioral aspects of subordinates. Karen Leary is the Vice president and general manager of the Adelaide office of Merrill Lynch Financial. Leary hired Chung as the financial consultant and he has developed his profile in the organization through his skilled performance. Based on his performance, he is seeking for his private office. Based on Chungs performance, Leary have decided to give a private office to Ted Chung. According to the expectancy theory of motivation, the organization should relate rewards directly to performance for ensuring that the rewards provided to the employee are those, which are deserved and wanted by the recipient (Schunk et al. 2012). Ted has shown significant improvement in his work, he has opened the account of $6 million, after doing required level of research in this section. He is potential employee, who never holds back his ideas to chase a challenging goal (Hargreaves and Fink 2012). He has expressed the criteria of being an obedient and potential employee for the organization, who can bring significant success towards Learys changed organizational goals. Thus, he should be rewarded; according to the expectancy theory, he should be rewarded with what he expects to receive, which is his private office. 2. Ted Chung has shown significant growth and improvement in his business role. The general manager of Merrill Lynch, Leary hired him, while developing the business in Chinese market. Ted is china born and thus would be able to attract more people from china background. He opened a $6 million account of a Chinese industrialist. However, it has been revealed from thorough analysis, that the client is new in American market, thus it can be said that Chungs investment is risky. He has been seen to focus on one account and not working for attracting more Chinese account, though he should focus more on hiring new Chinese clients. In addition, several performances related information in the last year made Leary worried about the sustainability of Chungs performance. In a business, teamwork is very important, which is one of the weakest area of Ted Chung (Latham 2012). He likes privacy and do not interact with anyone in the office except his professional requirement, which shows his stiff f ormality towards is colleagues as well as seniors. This attitude is not required in a business environment. While reviewing the case of $6 million account, the client is from the same village, from where Chung belongs. Thus, he is not maintaining the professional boundaries, which can negatively affect the organizations business (Kwon and Jang 2012). According to the expectancy theory, when goals are set too high or performance expectations that are made too difficult, leads to low expectancy. The goals set by Chung are difficult to meet, for which he is taking risky actions. On the other hand, the reward should be same for everyone and there were several FCs, who are working potentially in the organization for 5-6 years, without having a private office. Thus considering all the facts, Leary should not give a private office to him. 3. Ted Chung is a potential employee, who has shown noteworthy improvement in his business role. Unlike other new FCs, he had opened a $6 million account for the organization in after completing his training, which is the sign of his excellence and superiority from others. He has always been an obedient employee; unlike other employees, he never wastes time during office hours and focuses on his work. Other FCs are also pleased about Chungs achievement, which again proved his excellence. He has always reviewed his job and improved in every step of his success ladder (Trautwein et al. 2012). He has depth knowledge about the Chinese market and has a commitment to enhance Merrill Lynchs Chinese market share, which is also known to Leary. Therefore, it can be said that Chung is the most eligible candidate, who deserves a private office, like other potential employees in the organization and once he got this reward, he will be motivated and more influenced towards his goal, as he prefers privacy (Al-Zawahreh and Al-Madi 2012). 4. According to the Equity theory, people should be motivated by fairness and inequities in input or output ratios are not required in teamwork or in an organizational environment. According to the equity theory, Ted Chung should get the equal rewards, which is received by the other employees. If he gets a private office, it will not be fair or justified to the other FCs, which can also demotivate others. Therefore, from that perspective, Ted Chung should improve more on his domain along with enhanced experience. He should seek some rewards, which is fair to be received by a new employee like Ted (Petri and Govern 2012). There are several employees, who are working for more than 5 to 6 years, but have not received their private office. Therefore, he should go through fair reward system and should seek higher designation or cash bonus, rather than a reward, which is not applicable for a new employee like him (Renko et al. 2012). It will both motivate him and other FCs to perform bette r further. 5. Equity theory determines whether resources have been distributed fairly to business partners or not. This is decided by factors like cost-benefit analysis of each person. Equity is maintained by employees by their effort put in the job and the outcome they receive from it. Employees are motivated by fairness in their job (Ledbetter et al., 2013). Even if Chung get the private office, it is necessary to interpret the impact it will have on other financial consultants in office. Chung was hired mainly due to lack of Chinese in American system and mainly to develop the market. Chung was excellent in his work and in making contacts with people. Within the context of equity theory it can be said that conflict may take place between other financial consultants when they start to compare their input/output ratios with Chungs input/output ratio. They may also start expecting a private place in office as they also work in the same position a Chung used to work in the Office. Hence, other c onsultants may perceive inequity in the office and it may demotivate them. They may resort to reducing their inputs in case of distorted outcomes prevalent in the office and a chaotic situation may arise. Hence, Chung been given a private office will have great implications for other financial consultants morale and productivity. 6. If Chung is given cash bonus in place of a private office this may work for him and other employees too. However he deserved more than that because his contribution as a financial consultant is more than his peers. Post his training, he did not went on attending cold calls like other trainees, instead he developed his approach according to the traditions of the market. Hence his responsible action showed that he had the potential to bring positive change in the company. His approach was to develop Chinese market by increasing his prestige first; however his first focus was on building good business relationship to get future benefits in the form of substantial accounts. Giving him a private office so early in his stint as a financial consultant may not work for the company due to the risk identified in his behavior towards need for privacy. It has been found that he does not allows people to work with him and clears all paper if the Leary approaches him. Due to this suspicious beh avior, giving him a private office in such a small period may not work. There is a need to probe his actions further before a private office can be given to him. Although he had given enormous huge account to Merill Lynch, however his action towards investing in riskier stocks may also turn out be risky venture for the company. 7. Despite several risk involved due to his suspicious work in the Office, Chungs joining a private office might also have lead to developing other objectives of the Office. It may help in getting a better hold in Chinese market through that private office. He may support by building more clients and getting more investments to the Company. Although Leary has urged him to develop other areas too, however through his private Office he may focus on excelling in one particular area only. Due to Chungs Chinese background, he might enlarge his relationship with client and develop the Chinese market for the Company. Although Chungs working style was different, however his unique approach to business may lead to spur in business too. Getting a private office is an important success symbol and the private office may only help to serve the purpose of seizing the Chinese market. Reference List Al-Zawahreh, A. and Al-Madi, F., 2012. The utility of equity theory in enhancing organizational effectiveness. European journal of economics, finance and administrative sciences, 46, pp.158-170. Hargreaves, A. and Fink, D., 2012. Sustainable leadership (Vol. 6). John Wiley Sons. Kwon, S. and Jang, S.S., 2012. Effects of compensation for service recovery: From the equity theory perspective. International journal of hospitality management, 31(4), pp.1235-1243. Latham, G.P., 2012. Work motivation: History, theory, research, and practice. Sage. Ledbetter, A.M., STASSEN?FERRARA, H.M. and Dowd, M.M., 2013. Comparing equity and self?expansion theory approaches to relational maintenance.Personal Relationships,20(1), pp.38-51. Petri, H.L. and Govern, J.M., 2012. Motivation: Theory, research, and application. Cengage Learning. Renko, M., Kroeck, K.G. and Bullough, A., 2012. Expectancy theory and nascent entrepreneurship. Small Business Economics, 39(3), pp.667-684. Schunk, D.H., Meece, J.R. and Pintrich, P.R., 2012. Motivation in education: Theory, research, and applications. Pearson Higher Ed. Trautwein, U., Marsh, H.W., Nagengast, B., Ldtke, O., Nagy, G. and Jonkmann, K., 2012. Probing for the multiplicative term in modern expectancyvalue theory: A latent interaction modeling study. Journal of Educational Psychology, 104(3), p.763. Yung Chou, S. and Pearson, J.M., 2012. Organizational citizenship behaviour in IT professionals: An expectancy theory approach. Management Research Review, 35(12), pp.1170-1186.

A Study Of Virginia Woolf free essay sample

# 8217 ; s Life Reflection In Her Work Essay, Research Paper Patton 1 Josh Patton Mrs. Theresa R. Coco College Prep English 12 8 March, 2000 # 8220 ; Virginia Woolf # 8211 ; A Life of Struggle and Affliction # 8221 ; The literary critic Queenie Leavis, who had been born into the British lower center category and reared three kids while composing and redacting and learning, thought Virginia Woolf a absurd representative of existent adult females # 8217 ; s lives: # 8220 ; There is no ground to say Mrs. Woolf would cognize which terminal of the cradle to stir. # 8221 ; Yet no 1 was more cognizant of the monetary value of unworldliness than Virginia Woolf. Her inventive ocean trips into the waveringly lit deepnesss of # 8220 ; Mrs. Dalloway # 8221 ; and # 8220 ; To the Lighthouse # 8221 ; were partially owed to a freedom from the actual day-to-day demand of sailing out # 8211 ; to the store or the office or even the babys room. Her hubby, Leonard Woolf, believed that without the assistance of her heritage his married woman would likely non hold written a novel at all. For money guaranteed non merely clip but rational autonomy. # 8220 ; I # 8217 ; m the lone adult female in England free to compose what I like, # 8221 ; she exulted in her journal in 1925, after the publication of # 8220 ; Mrs. Dalloway # 8221 ; by the Hogarth Press, which she and Leonard had set up to liberate her from the demands of publishing houses and editors. What she liked to compose turned out to be, of class, books that gave voice to much that had gone unheard in the old history of composing things down: the dartings and weavings of the human head in the fleet amplifications of thought itself ( Malcomi, 4 ) . # 8220 ; Mrs. Dalloway # 8221 ; is a delicate testimonial to the complexnesss of societal interaction on a individual twenty-four hours in London in 1923, stoping with a shallow society hostess # 8217 ; s glistening party ; it is besides one of the Patton 2 written about the effects of World War I. Virginia Woolf was non without political relations or fierce worldly concerns ( 4-5 ) . The journals and letters crossing both universe wars are filled with bulletins statements, panics of distant ground forcess and next-door bombs and the precariousness of the full civilisation of which she knew herself to be a late, likely excessively keen bloom. Her art is less direct. In her novels the resonance of great events sounds from deep within single lives. More than any other author, Woolf has shown us how the most faraway calamities become a portion of the manner we think about our day-to-day outlooks, our friends, the colourss of a park, the conditions, the possibility of traveling on or the determination non to. The old image of Virginia Woolf the prig has mostly given manner to assorted loftier word pictures: Virginia Woolf the literary priestess, or the Queen of ever-titillating Bloomsbury, or # 8211 ; most influentially # 8211 ; the critical womens rightist whose needed # 8220 ; room of her ain # 8221 ; came to look the really workshop in which such books as # 8220 ; The Second Sex # 8221 ; and # 8220 ; The Feminine Mystique # 8221 ; were subsequently produced ( Reinhart, 27 ) . Recently, nevertheless, Woolf has been granted a excessively modern female pantheon: the victim. The ascertained molestations of her childhood, the turns of lunacy that led to her self-destruction, seem now to commend instead than to measure up her right to speak for adult females. But Woolf # 8217 ; s personal illustration is in the strength and the steady professionalism that kept her invariably at work # 8211 ; the overambitious failures as sweated over as the words victory. For all her breakability as a adult female, she was a author of elephantine appetency, and she knew full good how much she intended to envelop in her all right but colossal, distributing, unbreakable webs. # 8220 ; Happier today than I was yesterday, # 8221 ; she wrote in her journal in January 1920, # 8220 ; holding this afternoon arrived at some thought of new signifier for a new novel ( Reinhart, 36 ) . Suppose one thing of another # 8230 ; merely non for 10 pages but for 200 or so # 8211 ; doesn # 8217 ; t that give the diarrhea and Patton 3 elation I want ; doesn # 8217 ; t that get closer and yet maintain signifier and velocity, and enclose everything, everything? # 8221 ; She non merely said that she was depressed, but that she was traveling # 8216 ; mad # 8217 ; once more, and get downing to hear voices. She could non concentrate, and believed she could non read or compose. She was hopeless and self-critical, and to the terminal maintained that her self-destruction was justified and that she would non recover. Her self-destruction was planned and determined, and despite a possible failed effort a hebdomad earlier can non be seen as an unprompted gesture that went incorrectly. When she wrote at the terminal of her life that she was traveling huffy # 8216 ; once more # 8217 ; , she spoke the truth and from drawn-out experience. She had her foremost breakdown at the age of 13, and others when she was 22, 28, and 30. From 1913 to 1915, from the age of thirty-one to 33, she was badly so frequently and for so long that lasting insanity was feared ( Malcomi, 12 ) . These onslaughts were severe, necessitating medical intervention and bed remainder. During the remainder of her life she had wilder temper swings. All this, particularly the drawn-out unwellnesss of 1913/14 and 1915, is good documented ; in peculiar, typical stages of passion and depression are described in textbook-like item. When elated, her hubby describes her ceaseless speaking, the content going progressively incoherent as she worsens in the following twenty-four hours or two, until, acutely frenzied, there is merely a # 8216 ; mere clutter of dissociated words. # 8217 ; Equally convincingly he describes her idea processes when down: she believes that she is non ill, that her status is her ain mistake, and is unable to accept reassurance or to be argued out of her beliefs. The symptoms of elation and depression are convincingly described, and their badness made clear. Over the old ages we can follow the phasic nature of her unwellness, with irregular onslaughts runing from the mild and doubtful to the terrible and drawn-out. This is a convincing life history of frenzied depressive psychosis, climaxing in self-destruction at Patton 4 the age of 59, and including a self-destructive effort in her mid-thirtiess which was about successful. Because no specific interventions were available during her life the unwellness can be observed running its natural class ; such terrible and drawn-out onslaughts would be rare today. Her medical history otherwise can be followed in item in her journals. She had much minor ill-health between 1915 and her decease in 1941. Some of this is attributable to mild temper swings, either up or down, possibly overzealously managed by her hubby and physicians with bed rest and curtailment of her societal life. She suffered from frequent lengthy and disabling concerns, migrainous in character, accompanied by depressive symptoms and by palpitations ( Malcomi, 10 ) . Flu- like unwellnesss and dysmenorrhoea are frequent. The physicians who attended her and her household were the most distinguished of the clip, particularly the head-shrinkers, but despite their distinction had no effectual intervention to offer at the clip, and seem prejudiced and unhelpful to modern eyes, although their text editions show they were able to do an accurate diagnosing. There is an impressive household history of affectional unwellness. Her brother Thoby died immature but was an emotionally disturbed kid. Her sister Vanessa had an episode of depression in her mid-thirtiess after a abortion. The onslaught lasted some two old ages, and was regarded by the household as similar to Virginia # 8217 ; s depressions. Her brother Adrian besides suffered from episodes of jitteriness and depression. Her male parent was a glooming pessimistic adult male who had two mild onslaughts of depression. His male parent # 8211 ; her gramps # 8211 ; had three serious depressions which affected his calling. Her first cousin on her male parent # 8217 ; s side developed terrible passion in his mid-twentiess and died within a few old ages in an refuge ( 13-14 ) . For coevalss her household history is filled with glooming work forces and flake Patton 5 household was besides really originative, non merely in literature. Her male parent founded and wrote much of the Dictionary of National Biography. Many of her relations were friends of Thomas Carlyle: see Virginia Woolf and Thomas Carlyle. Virginia resembled her male parent in many ways, and had a lose but ambivalent relationship with him. Her siblings were originative in other ways. Her sister was a painter, and her brother one of the first English psychoanalysts. Her personality was a mixture of shyness and exuberance. She was remembered by friends non as a gloomy down individual but as a superb conversationist, express joying, joking, gossipmongering, and frequently indulging in malicious flights of phantasy at the disbursal of her friends. She was loved by kids, given to interrogating others in her hunt for stuff, and frequently ill-mannered and clannish. She was awkward out of her societal category, and had an uneven flake visual aspect which made people stare at her in the street ( Reinhart, 26-27 ) . As a kid she was sexually abused, but the is hard to set up. At worst she may hold been sexually harassed and abused from the age of 12 to 21 by her half-brother George Duckworth, 16 old ages her senior, and sexually explored as early as six by her other half-brother. It is likely that her sisters and half sister were besides sexually abused. In ulterior life, likely as a consequence, she was sexually cold in her matrimony. She had several homosexual flirtings in big life, some intense, but likely non affecting physical dealingss. It is improbable that the sexual maltreatment and her manic-depressive unwellness are related. However alluring it may be to associate the two, it must be more likely that, whatever her upbringing, her household history and familial makeups were the finding factors in her temper swings instead than her unhappy childhood. More relevant in her childhood experience is the long history of mournings that punctuated her adolescence and precipitated her first depressions. Early losingss are known to be related to adult depression. Her life and illness agreements with recent work on Patton? Rienhart, Ruth. # 8220 ; Virginia Woolf # 8211 ; Rediscovered. # 8221 ; The New York Times. 12 May 1991, late erectile dysfunction. : C1. 12 May 1991. hypertext transfer protocol: //www.times.com Malcomi, Richard. # 8220 ; Virginia Woolf # 8217 ; s Psychiatric History: Drumhead and Site Guide. # 8221 ; Compuserve Modern Feminist Literature Guide. ( 1999 ) 24 Aug. 1999. hypertext transfer protocol: //ourworld.compuserve.com/homepage/malcolmi/woolf-psych/sum.htm Rienhart, Ruth. # 8220 ; Virginia Woolf # 8211 ; Rediscovered. # 8221 ; The New York Times. 12 May 1991, late erectile dysfunction. : C1. 12 May 1991. hypertext transfer protocol: //www.times.com Malcomi, Richard. # 8220 ; Virginia Woolf # 8217 ; s Psychiatric History: Drumhead and Site Guide. # 8221 ; Compuserve Modern Feminist Literature Guide. ( 1999 ) 24 Aug. 1999. hypertext transfer protocol: //ourworld.compuserve.com/homepage/malcolmi/woolf-psych/sum.htm Rienhart, Ruth. # 8220 ; Virginia Woolf # 8211 ; Rediscovered. # 8221 ; The New York Times. 12 May 1991, late erectile dysfunction. : C1. 12 May 1991. hypertext transfer protocol: //www.times.com Malcomi, Richard. # 8220 ; Virginia Woolf # 8217 ; s Psychiatric History: Drumhead and Site Guide. # 8221 ; Compuserve Modern Feminist Literature Guide. ( 1999 ) 24 Aug. 1999. hypertext transfer protocol: //ourworld.compuserve.com/homepage/malcolmi/woolf-psych/sum.htm