Essay on Comparing and Contrasting Mirandolla and...

This compare and contrast essay will focus on the views of leadership between Mirandolla and Machiavelli. Mirandolla believes that leadership should not be false and that it should follow the rule of reason. He believes that leaders should strive for the heavens and beyond. On the other hand, Machiavelli believed that leadership comes to those who are crafty and forceful. He believed that leaders do not need to be merciful, humane, faithful or religious; they only need to pretend to have all these qualities. Despite both of them being philosophers, they have drastically different views on leadership, partially because of their views on religion are different. Mirandolla was very religious, and Machiavelli was a pragmatist, which means that†¦show more content†¦His belief is that a leader should be ambitious, free of mediocrity, and tries their best to attain new heights. A leader should be seen as god to others and that they should always believe in god’s reasoning. H e believed that a true leader would admire all that the real god has given him and then he will be rewarded with the â€Å"light of angels†, which is being like rewarded by becoming leader. Mirandolla’s depiction of leadership is one that was centered around god and religion. Also, he believed leaders to be just and righteous. As a complete contrast to the previous view, Machiavelli’s depiction of leadership is one that is centered on deceiving one another to become leader. Machiavelli’s view on leadership is quite different from Mirandolla’s; he believes that the law is quite often not sufficient and force must be used. He illustrates his view of leadership through the example of a fox and a lion, â€Å"the lion cannot defend himself against snares and the fox cannot defend himself against wolves. Therefore, it is necessary to be a fox to discover the snares and a lion to terrify the wolves.† He thinks that a leader cannot solely rely on be ing only a fox or a lion, but a little bit of both. But through what he says, it is clear that he prefers the cunning and deceitful fox over the

project planning and management - 1337 Words

PART 1 1. To what extent does project management apply to Adventures Unlimited? Each tour established by Adventures Unlimited could be considered as a single project. Each tour has the destination, and is not routine and repetitive. The project begins when the consumer and Adventures Unlimited reach the same agreement, and ends when the consumer goes back. Each tour is unique and never been taken before. That is to say, each tour has the specific time, cost, and performance requirements. The tour, as one project, can be described in a project life cycle way (see Figure 1, Project Life Cycle adapted from Project Planning and Management 2013). The first stage is defining the tour destination and agreement or contract of the tour. And†¦show more content†¦To meet the demand of the consumer and the feasible budget, the project manager has to fully allocate the useful resources and get the same agreement with the consumer. Using the financial model and take all possible satiation into consideration to make the budget efficiency. Another essential training is risk management. In the material, it can be found that the Rodriguezes has little effect after unexpected situation happened. The administrative may get another plan before department. Then consumers will not complain about when the tour is disturbed or the schedule is changed. In the material, the manager failed to solve the problem (train missing), and then the entire schedule was delay. If the Rodriguezes or the tour guide could book the flight in advance or make one more sightseeing plan, the problem could be remedied. The third issue would be the communication management. The delivery of the tour would be out of consumers’ expectation. The Rodriguezes and consumer should get the same agreement about the level of quality of accommodations and price. The contract is essential to protect the right of both sides. The clear delivery of the tour information is a must, or the unpleasant consumers’ emotion may also lead to the bad reputation of the business. The final topic is the insurance. The Rodriguezes can cooperate with the insurance company to make the consumer safe and reduce the risk of the company. Due to the healthy issue, the bad case of foodShow MoreRelatedProject Planning and Project Management1752 Words   |  8 PagesCC5001 Project Planning and Project Management 2014-15 Coursework Report Structure The report structure relates to the scenario described and previously published; you are asked to plan (but not implement) a project for the CROSTIE and SCIRITUR systems for client James Chambers, MD of CCRS Ltd. You should prepare a report, addressing all sections and maintaining the sequence given below. Guidelines (which MUST NOT be exceeded, if it is exceeded marks WILL be deducted) for the maximum lengthRead MoreProject Management : Project Planning Fundamentals1213 Words   |  5 PagesThese have brought very effective changes to project management.project management includes implementing,controlling,goals and identifying tasks which are to be achieved.the concept of the project and project management involves project evaluation,project selection,project planning fundamentals.project cost control and scheduling of a project in critical methom(cpm) which are crucial to technology-intensive organizations which have been discussed.a project is a sequence structure that are conn ectedRead MoreRationale For Project Planning : Project Management1669 Words   |  7 Pages1. Rationale for Project Planning The purpose of project planning is to define major task and estimate resources and times necessary to provide an outline for management review and control. 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Key events: ââ€" ª Manhattan Project which the U.S. military led to develop the atomic bomb. Costs almost $2 billion in 1946. ââ€" ª New Los Alamos laboratory 1946,project management was recognized as a distinctRead MoreTourism Planning and Project Management1979 Words   |  8 Pagesprogram, the operation will tie in the price of the surfing vacation with the weather situation. For example, better weather for surfing conditions (waves, temperature, sunny days, etc.) will command a higher price. This is a new and quite risky project that requires analysis prior to implementation. Risks As with any new venture, there are a number of risks associated with an as yet untried marketing proposal. The travel industry itself is complex, with a number of stakeholders that must comeRead MoreProject Planning : The Third Phase Of Project Management935 Words   |  4 PagesProject definition and planning: Project planning is the second stage of the management phase and is an important part of good management practices. The planning includes defining tasks, writing documents and allocating jobs to project members. The documentation planning includes creating descriptions of required tasks and then submitting papers which outlines the job. The author Esposito (2015), suggests that, â€Å"Documents that are created during this time may include the: SCOPE Statement, a CommunicationsRead MoreProject Management : Planning And Guiding Project Process1939 Words   |  8 PagesIntroduction Project management Project management is a methodical approach to planning and guiding project processes from start to finish. According to the Project Management Institute, the processes are guided through five stages: initiation, planning, executing, controlling, and closing. Project management can be applied to almost any type of project and is widely used to control the complex processes of software development projects (Rouse, 2008). Project procurement Project procurement management is aboutRead MoreComparing Project Management and Scenario Planning1011 Words   |  5 PagesRunning Header: Project Management and Scenario Planning Comparing Project Management and Scenario Planning Business Management and Leadership IP2 January 17, 2010 Managers are the driving forces of an organization they have five functions organizing, planning, staffing, directing and controlling. A manager role is to achieve effective utilization of resources in an organization. Managers have a major role in the decision making process, he has to know how to communicate in bring changes

Lay’s Product Promotion Policy Free Essays

Lay’s, known as Walkers in the UK and Ireland, is the brand name for a number of crisps varieties as well as the name of the company that founded the chip brand in 1932. Over 90% of the population is familiar with the brand-name and with more than 50% of the market shares, we can definitely call them the market leader. It’s for this company that we will briefly clarify the product- and promotion policy. We will write a custom essay sample on Lay’s Product Promotion Policy or any similar topic only for you Order Now Product: Lay’s The brand name For the brand’s name Lay’s uses a combination of group-brand and a individual brand. It’s a group-brand because PepsiCo doesn’t use its own name to sell the products, but they use the brand Lay’s to distribute them. Further more, Lay’s makes use of individual brands for the different flavours like there are: Lay’s Light, Lay’s Oven and Lay’s Sticks. Even though all the products belong to Lay’s, they sell them according to their different characteristics by a different name. By making use of market segmentation, Lay’s creates the possibility to expand its assortment and itself. In this way each product will receive its own identity. Assortment strategies Line stretching Lay’s often expands their assortment by adding new flavours and new sub-groups. For example: Lay’s developed Lay’s Light and Lay’s Oven. With these groups they tried to penetrate a new group of consumers who worry about the percentage of fat that crisps contain. Lay’s Light contains 33% less fat and in the sub-group Lay’s Oven, the crisps contain 70% less fat. Line filling Lay’s completes their assortment of existing products by adding new varieties to the different groups. Since 2011, for example, they have a product variant called â€Å"Black Pepper Sea Salt†. In this way they obtain a more complete assortment and can they satisfy more consumers. Promotion: Lay’s Promotional campaign Lay’s as a market leader doesn’t have strong competition because they have a strong promotional campaign. The company also makes different price actions for the introduction of new products. Subsequently the price is lowered to capture the market. The consumer pays less for the same product and receives a sort of reduction. This is one of the sales promotions techniques Lay’s uses. The sales are stimulated at short term by temporal improvement of the price-value ratio. Sometimes Lay’s offers sampling and free crisps. Lay’s also organises cash-refund actions where you get your money back by sending back the barcode of your package of Crisps. The main advantages are the low cost, the consumers information is saved in database and the involvement of the retailer is not necessary . This may lead to a horizontal effect or market expansion. At first place, Lay’s wants the customer to meet and try its product. When the customer is satisfied and buys the product again, we call it a repeat. Sometimes Lay’s also has a special offer where you get a 3rd bag for free. They realise this by offering special promos to customers. This also is a kind of sales promotions where they offer a bigger quantity of goods for the same price. This results in an advantage in goods. Within these promotions, we can speak of a vertical effect or market effect. One will try to create more market share by creating a higher brand loyalty, user intensity and revenues. Moreover the consumers will be blocked to other brands of crisps. Possible risks are that the consumer will store their products and it won’t lead to extra consumption. Lay’s also organises saving campaigns. They have a savings campaign called Lay’s Chip Trips. The point of this campaign is that consumers find a code on the bag of Lay’s. They can go to the site of the company and enter this code. People can save points online this way, and when they have saved enough, they can exchange there points in all kind of prices like free entrance to a theme park and free stay at a hotel. Lay’s will try to stimulate the revenues on the shorter term and bind the consumers to the brand this way. The company also organises contests. In many countries like the Netherlands, Lay’s has started a competition where people can make new flavours and present them to Lay’s. flavours are chosen by Lay’s and the consumer has to decide by voting which flavour is the best. Every consumer that votes, has the chance to win a Mini. This campaign was a great success. The finale flavours were sold 6 million times. In the Netherlands, ‘Patatje Joppie’ was the eventual winner and has appeared in the shops last February. These promotions can lead to higher revenues because one creates more users. These users can be people who buy the product for the first time or people who buy the products of the competitor. How to cite Lay’s Product Promotion Policy, Papers

Strategic Management Report Broadband Media Services

Question: Describe about the Strategic Management Report for Broadband Media Services. Answer: Introduction: Singapore and Indonesian telecommunication market is dominated by three major telecommunicating companies; Singtel, Starhub and MI. According to the macro economical facts in the global markets of Singapore and Indonesia the reports searches and analyses the key factors of success for Singtel in the telecommunication market. The report is majorly divided into five parts to answer five important questions to describe the efficiency and competency factors of the major brand in the global and local telecommunication market. The first question analyses the value chain of Singtel according to the financial report and return of investment for 3-5 years. The next question identifies major competency factors of the major telecommunication brand and justifies its capitalistic strengths for competitive advantage in the market of Singapore. Third question in the report scans the macro environmental key factors in the market of Indonesia. The next question searches strength factors of three majo r telecommunicating companies in Indonesian market and compares the factors with the strength factors of Singtel. Furthermore the fourth question explains how these strength factors of Singtel help the brand in market level competition effectively. The fifth and last question checks different modes of available entries for the telecommunicating firm and identifies the best mode of entry for Singtel with proper justification. 1: According to the Porters Theory of Competitive advantages Value chain analysis separates growth activities from the waste activities to define the overall progress of a brand (Gereffi and Fernandez-Stark, 2011).. The growth activities add values in important sectors of the firm. The activities may include: Cost effective networking Maintaining proper brand image Quick response to weakness/threats Growth activities are further divided into primary/fundamental and support/secondary functions. The fundamental functions analyse the basic operations of the firm like internal structure, monitoring and maintenance of quality, brand factors and economic culture etc. The secondary functions are useful for supporting the basic operations (Dedrick et al. 2011). They can be the different communication levels like management and human resource, brands action in various economic and technical situations, feeders of marketing strategies etc. The Value chain analysis of the telecommunication brand Singtel depends on four major chains, according to the financial reports of previous years. They are mobile marketing, digital network marketing, Secure Broadband and service management. The support functions here are inputs from business and shareholder discussions, materiality documentation of working members and detailed desktop research documents (Bengtsson and Berggren, 2008). The outputs of the fundamental functions show the weakness, strength, threat and opportunity factors for future planning and mission. Therefore the outputs give the return of investments for the firm. From 1971 to 2016 the telecommunication company reflects its innovative nature from the first satellite building to first 4G connections in Singapore. Stable ROE and free cash flow have increased the net profit of the company by 2% in 2016. In the highly competitive telecommunication market Singtels strength factors are robust cyber security, unity in business teams instead of geographical diversity and data centric planning for core business in Singapore and Australia. The overall analysis in given below: Value chain factors Financial report (Singtel) ROI 1. Internal logistics: 2. Basic operations: 3. External logistics: 4. Sales and marketing: 1. The internet, cloud and smart city security use integrated data-centric network. 2. The corporate governance depends on the audit, nomination, execution ,GCEO , risk and management teams 3. Digital services as final products depend on OTT service, Geoanalytics and digital marketing 4. Communication and channel management is based on proactive system. Safety and equality depend on social hotspots and team-wide cycle According to the financial and audit reports of 5 years the return of investment includes: Critical factors like: Revenue recognition timing New product and price introduction Long term arrangement for ICT projects ATO audit issues Broadband equipment vendors like fiber/submarine cables VPN/ data center maintenance But the infrastructure factors show that net profit after tax is increased by 2% while the operational expenses is decreased by 3%. Moreover the basic earning per shareholder shows a upward graph by 2.35%. Finally 8.2% investor inclusion proves high customer and data growth in the firm. 2: Key or core competency of a business identifies the major strength and technical factors to stand firm in competitive market (Guilln and Garca-Canal, 2009). The key competency factors with justification for Singtel are discussed below: Long term investing strategy: The 130 year old Telecommunication Company use long term planning in collaborative and distributive business network (Tipton, 2009). The long term investing strategy includes multimedia planning, reforming social structure, innovative digital communication like Dataspark, cellphone video streaming (HOOQ) etc. Organization Infrastructure: The supreme level of the organization in under a group of CEOs and they get the immediate reports from the audit, management and finance department. The distributive tree structure of the BOD is an advantage in this case (El-Wahid and Su'ad Husnan, 2011). The local and international market boards are under different CEOS and unit level work distribution can save troubles like sudden planning and strategy changes. Corporate Governance: The corporate culture depends on the specific post definitions and the proper distribution of work load in team identifies with proactive management system. Six independent and three non-independent directors in BOD are responsible for long term planning and value added services to the shareholders (Borio, 2014). The CGNC review team and low gender diversity level are other success factors for the brand. Target consumer group: The consumer support is under strong observation. The technical interruption in the network has changed the old voice centric network into data centric network. Moreover the customer strategy is increasing the application of seamless network with excellent coverage. The rapid changes in digital market are adopted efficiently as Singtel is focusing on the IOT and 5G services (Medudul et al., 2016). The international consumers are also under equal observation. The success of Optus retail is the proof in Australia. Extended data pool and prepaid connections are eyeing the customer first slogan. 400 million satisfied customers are increasing the network every day. Technology: The spectrum band and radio technology provider Singtel is always flexible with the idea of new technologies. Using 1800 MHZ band range in Australia the telecommunication firm introduces Wi-Fi talk in limited coverage areas and increase the use of 4G network in customer. Singtel also encourages the transformation of3G digital service into 4G introducing new technical services like smart cities, satellite communication and cloud services. Moreover the strong cyber security applications like VPN and partnership with FireEye have decreased the communication threats for enterprise consumers. Risk management: The risk management platform depends on the integration control from the unit level in all the work teams. The 28 divisions of risk factors from internal environment to functional level are viewed under COSO. The risk tolerant factors depend on the daily risk management reports and senior management communicates the stakeholders with high level of transparency (Ardyan and Aryanto , 2015). Shareholders participation in regular meetings and electronic polling maintain the standard of transparency. SGX policies and ethical standard maintenance are strict and consistent. 3: Pestle or Pest analysis finds the market environment factors for a business in practical scenario. Using the business tool the external macroeconomic factors are identified and the word Pestle introduces six factors using the initials of each word (Novianti, 2008). The factors are politics, economics, society, technology, law and environment respectively. In this case the Pestle analysis identifies the macro economic factors of Indonesian market. The business tool answers certain questions considering the macro economic factors. The first factor checks the recent political situation and its effect on the industry/market. Economic factor identifies the type of market (open/ oligopolistic) and type of competitions, entry and exit levels in the industry as well as factors like GDP, NNP etc. The third or social factor searches customer interests, ethics and the cultural effect on the market (Al-Kaabi et al., 2010). The technological factor checks the result of new technological innovation/ changes in the domestic and international segments of the market. The fifth factor or law identifies the specific rules and policies effecting the industry as well as the industrys effect on certain policies. The last macroeconomic factor environment finds the effects of nature (weather/ natural calamities/ farming) over the industry. The scanned result for macroeconomic factors of Indonesian market is given below: Macroeconomic factors : Indonesian market Analysis Politics Two affiliations are formed among 12 political parties in 2014 and the development strategy is receiving mixed review from the recent splits among the parties. The minor changes can benefit the Jokowi and the market is somehow stable under the condition. Economics The recent recovery from the 2014 inflation rate of 6.4% probably get a recovery using the increasing rate of economic growth by 6%. The US dollar demand rate has decreased while BPO level is still more than 10% of the total population (Ojala , 2009). Market is under rigid monetary policy. Society Gender diversity shows stable value whereas domestic market depends on the major Muslim culture and minor Hindu Buddhist culture. The population has high intensity (Aidi, 2012). Technology Agricultural sectors shows application of updated technology whereas the other industry uses old systems. However telecommunication only includes e-booking/payment method is hospitality industry. The technological demand is high as the country is one of the largest users of social networking medias (Facebook/Twitter). Law Uncertain Foreign invest and negative investment graph in energy and transportation segment of the market. Legal policies take long time to be active due to different views of political parties and affiliations (Munoz et al., 2010). Environment Moderate level of environment pollution but high level of deforestation and greenhouse gas production. The source of pollution indicates the actions from energy and manufacturing sectors. 4: The top 3 telecommunication companies in Indonesia considered for this report are: Telkomsel XL Axiata Indosat Strength factors of the Indonesian telecommunication companies: Telkomsel: The Company is a private sector telecom firm under state owned group Telkom and provides GSM and mobile phone network service in Indonesia. The strengths factors are: Hard clustered system (Lange, 2010) High value in customer database (Quinn and Kierans ,2008).) Demand of core products Robust financial strength Stable cash flow High brand value (best telecom brand according to Indonesian customer survey) Strong R and D department Innovative network marketing strategy Booster of multimedia content Partial dependence on Telkom that helps in sudden risk management and managing rapid changing environment XL Axiata: Another important cellular network provider of Indonesia which covers the large areas like Bali, Java, Sumatra. The major services of the company include Broadband internet and mobile data communication. The strength factors are: Grip over the domestic market (Garry and Tilley,2009) Upward graph in revenue High level of profitability Strong existing distributive network Well communicative marketing and sales departments Unit level management Moderate level of product demand Consistency in income level Increasing level of acquisitions Increasing capital Innovative Web2sms service Demand of corporate RBT service (Tolentino, 2010) Full coverage of VOIP and NAP services Responsive customer service (Catalo et al., 2011) Indosat: This major telecommunication brand of Indonesia is popular for providing service to the Enterprises and Government sectors. The services include multimedia internet and prepaid/postpaid mobile services. The strength factors are: Large number of business units Capture on the local and global market High growth rate High level of customer demand (Azadani et al., 2010).) Experienced and expert team managers Collaborative Strategy in competitive market Full coverage on long distance services (Painter and Wong, 2007) Unique management of fixed data services Expert dealing with wholesale, domestic and international customers High demand of MIDI and multimedia services (Lee , 2009) Excellent roaming and call services (international) Explanation of Singtels competitive effectiveness against the brands: According to the Pestle analysis of Indonesian telecom market, the market has a high demand of technology but the market structure is scattered. Therefore a robust organization culture like Singtel can be very effective in this case. From the technological point of view the company has high data centric network and spectrum structure for application in Indonesia. Moreover the satellite, smart city application can be beneficial too. The cloud service with high level of security can manage the data traffic in Indonesia. Singtel is a large telecommunication brand with 13 cloud center in Asia and 46 international offices all over the world. The robust investor can easily update the telecom infrastructure in Indonesia. The high demand of networking media proves that upgraded service in Indonesia can increase Singtels global market and profitability. 5: According to the International theory of entry modes in market the entry mode is selected considering the following factors: Cost effectiveness Profit maximization (McDougall, 2009) When a firm choose a foreign market (in this case Indonesia), its main goal is to avoid the transaction cost failure in the global market. Therefore the globalization of the foreign activities of a telecom brand depends on the following activities: Product and service export (Singh, and Raja, 2010) FDI License agreement Export as entry mode: When the export is the entry mode factor then the firm is dealing in free trading and in specific regional factors. However the free trade is a hypothesis. Therefore in practical cases there is a slight modification and the mode chooses the customer, product demand and value in foreign country/land (Burton and Soboleva , 2011). FDI as entry mode: In case of firms specializations like sales and marketing strategies, production, type of business units the entry mode is foreign direct investment. The local market may show a rigid and low profitable nature. As an example, in Indonesia telecom services have high demand but no integration in infrastructure. License agreement as entry mode: If the firm has expertise and experience but no required capital and marketing strategy then to earn a particular amount of return the License agreement is chosen as the entry mode. In case of imperfect competition in market FDI is the preferable entry mode for a telecom brand. Other important entry modes are: Agency Franchisee Distribution Contract Joint venture and Buying the targeted firm According to electric paradigm political issues in a country are important factor in choosing entry mode. As the Muslim culture and community is the major factor in Indonesia Singtel must check the ethics and successful marketing strategies here (Kim et al. 2007). Moreover three basic rules of entry mode selection include Nave, pragmatic and strategic rules. The first rule applies same strategy for all foreign market but different views and socio-economic structure can fail this rule. Pragmatic rule considers any practical and important factor to choose the entry level. The rule also checks the time and business level of the market. The last rule evaluates all the entry levels and chooses a strategy considering factors like capital, resources and time. As Singtel is one of the major brands with 130 years expertise, the company must consider its brand value before taking any venture. Indonesian telecom market lacks the new technology and infrastructure Joint venture probably the most suitable approach. In this case the local company can take care of marketing, sales and economic strategies and Singtel can invest in technical and infrastructure issues. Conclusion: The report identifies the major factors for growth in telecommunication sector of Singapore via real time analysis of leading telecommunication brand Singtel. According to the financial reports and internal audit reports the discussion provides a detail analysis of various telecommunication keys to understand the market competency of telecommunication sectors in Singapore and Indonesia. This discussion answers some important questions for the overall growth including the threat, risks and positivity in the rapid changing digital sector. Moreover the value chain analysis considers the financial condition of Singtel in the highly competitive South -East Asian market using the summary of previous five years financial report. The ROI collects the critical factors and performance issues of Singtel to check the practical scenario. The major competency factors answer the second question of the report to identify Singtels position in the global competitive market. The third step of the repor t uses Pestle analysis to find out the macroeconomic marketing conditions for telecommunication sector in Indonesia. Using the answers of the third question the report compares three highly competitive telecommunication brand of Indonesia with Singtel. The search checks Singtels competitive effectiveness in Indonesian telecommunication market. Finally the last question concludes the report searching the most suitable entry mode for Singtel. References: Aidi, L. (2012). Business modelsfor mobile broadband media services: Case study indonesia telecom market. Al-Kaabi, M., Demirbag, M., and Tatoglu, E. (2010). International market entry strategies of emerging market MNEs: A case study of Qatar telecom.Journal of East-West Business,16(2), 146-170. Ardyan, E., and Aryanto, V. D. W. (2015). Antecedents and Consequences of E-News Brand Trust: An Empirical Study of E-News Brand in Indonesia.International Journal of Innovation in the Digital Economy (IJIDE),6(2), 38-51. Azadani, E. N., Hosseinian, S. H., and Moradzadeh, B. (2010). Generation and reserve dispatch in a competitive market using constrained particle swarm optimization.International journal of electrical power and energy systems,32(1), 79-86. Bengtsson, L., and Berggren, C. (2008). The integrators new advantagethe reassessment of outsourcing and production competence in a global telecom firm.European Management Journal,26(5), 314-324. Borio, C. (2014). 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How well do traditional theories explain the internationalisation of service MNEs from small and open economies?Case: National telecommunication companies.Management international review,49(1), 121-144. Medudula, M. K., Sagar, M., and Gandhi, R. P. (2016). Telecom Players, Regulatory Bodies, International Organizations and Regional Telecom Statistics: Global Overview. InTelecom Management in Emerging Economies(pp. 19-39). Springer India. Munoz, J. M., Alon, I., and Mitchell, M. C. (2010). 13. Micro-franchising strategies: drawing lessons from franchise literature.Contemporary Microenterprise: Concepts and Cases, 155. Novianti, H. (2008). The Impact of Service Quality, Customer Value, Customer Satisfaction, Corporate Image, Switching Cost and Customer Loyalty for Telecommunication Service Providers in Indonesia, 1-128. Ojala, A. (2009). Internationalization of knowledge-intensive SMEs: The role of network relationships in the entry to a psychically distant market.International business review,18(1), 50-59. Painter, M., and Wong, S. F. (2007). The telecommunications regulatory regimes in Hong Kong and Singapore: when direct state intervention meets indirect policy instruments.The Pacific Review,20(2), 173-195. Quinn, S., and Kierans, K. (2008).Asia's Media Innovators. Konrad-Adenauer-Stiftung. Singh, R., and Raja, S. (2010).Convergence in information and communication technology: strategic and regulatory considerations. World Bank Publications. Tipton, F. B. (2009). Southeast Asian capitalism: History, institutions, states, and firms.Asia Pacific Journal of Management,26(3), 401-434. Tolentino, P. E. (2010). Home country macroeconomic factors and outward FDI of China and India.Journal of International Management,16(2), 102-120.